Fenian Raids

 The 1830s were a tumultuous time in the Canadian colonies, with unrest and rebellion. In this display case is an improvised cannon, never used, and made of wood.

Ultimately the rebellions would lead to reform, and pave the way for Confederation.

A big factor in Confederation was happening south of the border. The American Civil War showed colonial leaders what kind of example not to follow, with the need for unity and a strong federal government. With the open talk of Secretary of State Seward about taking over Canada, that simply reinforced the need to work together and make a country of their own. Following the war, Union veterans of Irish backgrounds came together and launched the Fenian Raids, a series of military incursions into Canada in an attempt to hold the country for ransom and force Britain to grant Irish independence. Time and again, the Fenians were pushed back out of Canada.

This display case features the certificate and medals of a soldier who fought in the Fenian Raids, as well as a Union cap. Fenians generally wore their Union uniforms.

Beside this display case, another one featuring the standard uniform, weapons, and equipment of a Canadian militiaman.

As the 19th century went on, the new Canadian government expanded westward, and this brought them into conflict with Metis and First Nations peoples.

One of the weapons being used was the Gatling Gun, the first machine gun.

The next gallery space concentrates on two wars of empire- the South African War and World War One. This is the entrance to the next gallery.

As the 19th century came to a close, Canadians as part of the British empire were marking the jubilee of Queen Victoria. But conflict was just around the corner.