Appomattox

 A reminder to members of City Daily Photo that the theme for the first of August is Purple. 

We continue on where we left off yesterday with this look at the Civil War and its influences on Canada.

General Sherman had taken his army across southern countryside in their March to the Sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure as they went. Now as the last months of the Civil War began, Sherman set his sights north, looking to do the same to the Carolinas, and link up with Union forces in Virginia.

The Petersburg siege came to an end in April. General Lee could see no hope of protecting Richmond from the Army of the Potomac, and broke free with what was left of his Army of Northern Virginia, trying to reach supplies further west. Grant and the Union army followed, overtaking the hungry rebels at Appomattox. It was there that Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9th, 1865. That moment in history, the gravity, dignity, and respect of it all between the two generals- that was something I would have liked to have seen.

There were still Confederate forces in the field, but Sherman would soon receive their surrender, showing the same consideration as his friend and commanding general.

Four years of death on an unimaginable scale, a country ripping itself apart. And now it was over. Successive Union generals had blundered into serious mistakes, or failed to capitalize on opportunities, despite having the advantage of numbers and industrial output. Lee had become a legend in the eastern theatre of the war. Until Grant came along; as Shelby Foote said, Grant "knew how to beat Lee and did."

The Union celebrated the end of the war, and victory. Yet mere days after Appomattox, President Lincoln was assassinated on April 14th while attending a play at Ford's Theatre. John Wilkes Booth staged it all as part of a three pronged attack on Union leadership, shooting Lincoln himself while one of his cohorts attacked the Secretary of State and another failed to do his part to kill the Vice President. Booth fled into the night, but would meet his fate soon enough. North and South were shocked. The actions of one angry man still resonate down through history today.

A bust of the great emancipator. I would have thought this was part of an American collection, but in fact it is part of the collection at the Canadian Museum of History.

Time moved along. The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified, entrenching the end of slavery into the Constitution.

Two years later, the United States acquired Alaska from Russia. The new Canadian government, fresh off Confederation, saw this as territorial designs and a reason to consolidate the West.

The Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteeing citizenship rights and protection under the law to the formerly enslaved and their families, was passed by 1868.

Canadian federal concerns about what the Union would now do without a war made them look west to ensure that the western territories wouldn't get gobbled up by Americans. And out west, among the indigenous tribes, was one group of people, the Metis. They were a blend of indigenous and French that had become a distinct culture on their own. Based largely in what is now Manitoba, they had their own ideas about their place inside Canada, and their relationship to the federal government. In time, that would lead to violence.

This display case includes the vivid craftsmanship of Metis peoples.

Campaigns

 Returning to where I left off with the exhibit on the Civil War.

A Union soldier had his upper arm shattered by a minie bullet at the Second Battle of Bull Run in 1862. It was amputated a few days later.

When U.S. Grant headed east to take command of all Union armies early in 1864, he left the western theatre under the command of his old friend, William Tecumseh Sherman. It was Sherman who would start driving into the deep south, later saying that war is hell. He systematically dismantled the infrastructure wherever he went, launching an assault on Atlanta.

Grant came east, assuming command over all land forces of the Union. He took the Army of the Potomac and advanced on Richmond, which had no value for him, but which he knew Lee had to defend. A series of ferocious battles at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor ensued, each of them losses. However, Grant kept his army moving. From the moment he took command, Grant seized the initiative and was making the rules of engagement. All Lee could do was respond.

By this point in the war, Canadian leaders were actively discussing uniting as a whole in response to the Civil War. 

By June 1864, the Petersburg siege began in Virginia. The railhead town, south of Richmond, became the last stand for Lee's army. Grant set in for a siege- something he was very good at. With new troops and supplies being shipped in, it was just a matter of time.

Sherman captured and burned Atlanta, and then proceeded on his march to the sea, leaving a swath of destruction on the way to Savannah.

Canadian leaders had started on the road to Confederation, recognizing that they would have to stand together to counter threats from south of the border. In discussing visions of the future, they also recognized the problems south of the border that had been part of the road to the Civil War, and decided they would not make the same mistakes.

This stonework is from the original Centre Block.

This is the throne of the Governor-General at the time when Confederation was being seriously discussed as a concept. Concerns about the intentions of the Union once the war would end drove Canadian leaders to work together. A stronger federal government was seen as key to establishing a new country, something the Americans had failed to do after the Revolution. 

Casualties

 Music was part of life during the Civil War. North and South, regiments had at least some members with the pipes and drums who kept things going on the march. Canadians were among them.

Calixa Lavalee was born and raised near Montreal, went south to join the 4th Rhode Island Infantry, composed patriotic music, and was wounded at Antietam, later discharged into civilian life at home. He would later compose O Canada.

John Goosberry was working in St. Catharines when the war came. He became one of 21 black Canadians who joined the 54th Massachusetts regiment- which saw action in the ill fated attack on Fort Wagner at Charleston, an attack that saw massive casualties, but which paved the way for black soldiers to be enlisted on a much larger scale, helping to turn the tide of the war.

There were doctors and nurses with the armies, including Canadians.

Anderson Abbott was one of the first black Canadian doctors. He went south and served in the Union army hospitals in Washington for the last two years of the war.

Sarah Emma Edmonds led quite a life during the war. She disguised herself as a man and served as a nurse with the 2nd Michigan Infantry. It was also said that she served as a spy behind Confederate lines during the war.

Chaplains were present in both North and South during the war, ministering to the soldiers in their care and facing many of the same dangers of war.

Napoleon Mignault had been ordained as a priest here in Ottawa in 1849, and spent time ministering in parishes in New York, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin. When the Civil War had gotten underway, he enlisted as chaplain of the 17th Wisconsin.

More than 750 000 soldiers died in the Civil War, making it by far the deadliest war in American history. Many died of contagious disease, caused because no one understood sterilization or sanitation of the military camps. As well, the tactics were well behind the technology; new and more accurate handguns and field artillery, especially on the Union side, while nearly everyone was still using Napoleonic era tactics.

This is the standard battlefield kit of a military surgeon during the Civil War.

Schemes

 Mary Ann Shadd had already done much as a journalist before the war based out of Canada. During the Civil War she actively recruited black men for the Union, and turned out to be good at the job. She would later earn a law degree.

Garland White had been a slave, escaping that life and settling in London, Ontario, becoming a pastor. He was commissioned a chaplain to black soldiers, and saw the end of the war in a dramatic manner, reunited with his mother in the fallen Richmond.

The Chesapeake Affair was another one of the incidents of the war that heightened tensions between the Canadian colonials and the Union. Confederate sympathizers in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia hijacked the Union ship Chesapeake to give it to the Confederacy. The Union navy pursued the ship into Nova Scotia waters.

Ironically it wasn't the only example of Confederate sympathies in Canada. Southern intelligence operatives worked out of Canada and launched schemes and irregular operations, the most infamous of which was the St. Albans Raid, in which the raiders crossed the border into the town of St. Albans Vermont to rob banks. Blockade runners were welcomed in Maritime ports.

St. Lawrence Hall, a 19th century hotel in Montreal, was a hotbed of Confederate intelligence operatives. This display case features a Confederate jacket, a sheet from the hotel registry, and a photograph of one of the most infamous men of all time- the actor John Wilkes Booth, a spy for the Confederacy who stayed at the hotel.

This is the registry sheet. Booth's signature is second from the bottom. A chilling reminder of an evil man.

While some Canadians went south to fight in the war, some Americans came north. Skedadlers were dodging drafts. Crimpers were recruiters who were known to resort to kidnapping to bring recruits south to the Union army.

Tensions got to the point where the colonial governments knew they would have to step in to reinforce neutrality and man the border. The Union was reinforcing the northern border even as they were fighting the rebels.